SEND(2)

NAME
send, sendto, sendmsg - send a message from a socket

SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
ssize_t
send(int s, const void *msg, size_t len, int flags);
ssize_t
sendto(int s, const void *msg, size_t len, int flags, const struct sockaddr *to, socklen_t tolen);
ssize_t
sendmsg(int s, const struct msghdr *msg, int flags);

DESCRIPTION
send(), sendto(), and sendmsg() are used to transmit a message to another socket. send() may be used only when the socket is in a connected state, while sendto() and sendmsg() may be used at any time.

The address of the target is given by to with tolen specifying its size. The length of the message is given by len. If the message is too long to pass atomically through the underlying protocol, the error EMSGSIZE is returned, and the message is not transmitted.

No indication of failure to deliver is implicit in a send(). Locally detected errors are indicated by a return value of -1.

If no messages space is available at the socket to hold the message to be transmitted, then send() normally blocks, unless the socket has been placed in non-blocking I/O mode. The select(2) or poll(2) system calls may be used to determine when it is possible to send more data.

The flags parameter may include one or more of the following:

MSG_OOB
    process out-of-band data
MSG_DONTROUTE
    bypass routing, use direct interface
MSG_NOSIGNAL
    don't send SIGPIPE

The flag MSG_OOB is used to send “out-of-band” data on sockets that support this notion (e.g., SOCK_STREAM); the underlying protocol must also support “out-of-band” data. MSG_DONTROUTE is usually used only by diagnostic or routing programs. MSG_NOSIGNAL is used to request not to send the SIGPIPE signal if an attempt to send is made on a socket that is shut down for writing or no longer connected.

See recv(2) for a description of the msghdr structure.

RETURN VALUES
The call returns the number of characters sent, or -1 if an error occurred.

ERRORS
send(), sendto(), and sendmsg() fail if:

[EBADF]
    An invalid descriptor was specified.

[ENOTSOCK]
    The argument s is not a socket.

[EFAULT]
    An invalid user space address was specified for a parameter.

[EMSGSIZE]
    The socket requires that message be sent atomically, and the size of the message to be sent made this impossible.

[EAGAIN]
    The socket is marked non-blocking and the requested operation would block.

[ENOBUFS]
    The system was unable to allocate an internal buffer. The operation may succeed when buffers become available.

[ENOBUFS]
    The output queue for a network interface was full. This generally indicates that the interface has stopped sending, but may be caused by transient congestion.

[EACCES]
    The SO_BROADCAST option is not set on the socket, and a broadcast address was given as the destination.

[EHOSTUNREACH]
    The destination address specified an unreachable host.

[EINVAL]
    The flags parameter is invalid.

[EHOSTDOWN]
    The destination address specified a host that is down.

[ENETDOWN]
    The destination address specified a network that is down.

[ECONNREFUSED]
    The destination host rejected the message (or a previous one). This error can only be returned by connected sockets.

[ENOPROTOOPT]
    There was a problem sending the message. This error can only be returned by connected sockets.

[EDESTADDRREQ]
    The socket is not connected, and no destination address was specified.

[EISCONN]
    The socket is already connected, and a destination address was specified.

[EPIPE]
    The socket is shut down for writing or not longer connected and the MSG_NOSIGNAL flag is set.

In addition, send() and sendto() may return the following error:

[EINVAL]
    len was larger than SSIZE_MAX.

Also, sendmsg() may return the following errors:

[EINVAL]
    The sum of the iov_len values in the msg_iov array overflowed an ssize_t.

[EMSGSIZE]
    The msg_iovlen member of msg was less than 0 or larger than IOV_MAX.

[EAFNOSUPPORT]
    Addresses in the specified address family cannot be used with this socket.

[EMFILE]
    The message contains control information utilizing CMSG_DATA(3) to pass file descriptors, but too many file descriptors are already in-flight.

SEE ALSO
fcntl(2), getsockopt(2), poll(2), recv(2), select(2), socket(2), write(2), CMSG_DATA(3)

HISTORY
The send() function call appeared in 4.2BSD.